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口译资料--外交部发言人刘建超举行例行记者会

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发表于 2009-8-30 18:15:40 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
口译资料:2008年12月11日外交部发言人刘建超举行例行记者会
2008年12月11日外交部发言人刘建超举行例行记者会




  2008年12月11日,外交部发言人刘建超举行例行记者会,主要就六方会谈、中日韩领导人会议、中法关系等答记者问。

  刘建超:各位下午好。

  大家最近几天非常关注正在进行的六方会谈团长会。我先介绍一下今天上午的最新消息。

  外交部长杨洁篪在钓鱼台国宾馆会见了出席六方会谈团长会的各方团长。

  杨洁篪强调,六方会谈是通过对话协商和平解决朝鲜半岛核问题的重要机制。在各方共同努力下,半岛无核化进程已迈出实质性步伐,取得了前所未有的重要进展。这些成果来之不易,值得各方共同珍惜。

  杨洁篪表示,这次团长会是在六方会谈迈向新阶段 的关键时刻召开的重要会议,对实现半岛无核化具有重要意义。通过几天的讨论,各方达成了一些共识,但还存在一些分歧。六方会谈就是一个不断克服困难、不断 向前迈进的进程。希望各方保持信心和耐心,发挥智慧,显示最大灵活,继续努力,推动会议取得积极成果,为六方会谈进一步向前迈进奠定良好的基础。中方愿继 续发挥积极和建设性作用。

  朝、日、韩、俄、美5方团长阐述了各自立场。他 们表示,实现半岛无核化是各方的共同目标。各方珍惜六方会谈进程,将充分利用这次团长会的机会,尽最大努力,缩小分歧,扩大共识,争取使会议取得进展,保 持和推动六方会谈的势头。各方赞赏中方为推进六方会谈所做出的不懈努力。

  下面请大家提问。

  问:你能否介绍一下六方会谈今天下午会谈的情况,会谈是否今天就结束,还是会延期?

  答:六方会谈团长会目前还在继续以不同的方式进 行,既有双边的沟通,也有团长全体会。按照会议的惯例,具体以什么样的形式继续团长会,需要各方共同商定。目前会谈还在进行,闭幕的时间取决于各方决定。 中方会同其他5方一道,共同为推动六方会谈进程作出艰苦努力,尽最大努力缩小分歧、扩大共识,争取使这次会谈取得积极的成果。

  问:昨天,“自由西藏运动”组织发表了一个报道,称酷刑现象在西藏非常普遍,法律本可以防止酷刑,但这样的法律却被当地政府所忽视,你对此有何评论?

  答:我们注意到了有关的报道。我们认为酷刑是对 人权的侵犯,预防和惩治酷刑是世界各国共同的责任。中国政府坚决反对酷刑,中国的法律严格禁止酷刑。我并不清楚你所提到的组织在指责所谓西藏存在酷刑现象 时有什么证据。如果有具体的证据,我们愿意就此展开调查。但没有依据的凭空指责不可接受。

  问、后天,在日本将举行中日韩三国领导人会议,中方对此有何期待?今天,中韩举行首次战略对话,议题是什么,这对中日韩三国领导人会谈有何影响?

  答:关于第一个问题,中日韩三国都是东亚地区具 有重要影响的国家,三国合作在维护地区和平稳定,促进经济、社会发展方面具有重要的意义。三国合作既包括经济、贸易、投资、金融、文化以及人员往来方面等 领域,同时在当前世界经济和金融形势的大背景下,中日韩合作具有其特殊意义。我觉得在此时召开本次中日韩领导人会议是及时的,也是非常重要的。我们希望三 国能够携手应对这次金融危机。此次三国领导人还将就地区和国际问题交换意见,我们相信这次会晤将有力推动三方的合作,也会促进三方相互之间关系的发展。

  正如你所说,首次中韩外交部门高级别战略对话于 今天举行。中国的副外长王光亚先生和韩国外交通商部第一次官权钟洛先生主持这次战略对话。对话正在进行,我目前还不了解有关情况。中日韩对话是三边的,中 韩之间,中日之间,韩日之间加强双边往来、对话和合作对三边的合作也会起到积极促进的作用。我们相信三方共同努力,加强合作,对巩固和发展三国的关系,不 断深化东亚合作,促进东北亚和东亚地区的和平、稳定和发展将起到重要作用。



  问:今天有报道说法国驻华使馆的网站遭受“黑客”攻击,这可能是由于中国民众不满法国总统会见达赖所引发的,你对此有何评论?

  答:我们也注意到了有关的报道,但目前看到的此类报道只是一种猜测。中国政府反对这种侵害网站的“黑客”行为。同时我们也希望有关国家,也包括有关媒体在报道这些问题的时候,能真正查清事实的真相,到底是什么原因,不要在没有根据的情况下对中方进行指责。

  问:法国总统近日表示,他与达赖会见并非是针对中国,并非想损害中法、中欧友好关系,你对此有何评论?

  我想这样的辩解解决不了目前中法关系所面临的困难。法国领导人执意会见达赖干涉了中国内政,损害了中国核心利益,法方应该清醒认识到目前问题的严重性,正视中方关切,采取有效措施,为中法关系的健康稳定发展创造条件。

  问:波兰总统昨天也会见了达赖喇嘛,中方对此有何反应?

  我们已经就此向波兰方面提出了严正交涉,表达了中方的强烈不满。我们要求波兰方面在涉及中国核心利益的问题上不要做损害中国利益的事情,不要为中波关系的发展设置障碍。

  如果没有其他问题,谢谢大家出席!

Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's Regular Press Conference on December 11


On December 11, 2008, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao held a regular press conference and answered questions on the Six-Party Talks, China-Japan-ROK Leaders' Meeting, China-France relations, and etc.

Liu Jianchao: Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.

I know you’ve been following closely the ongoing heads-of-delegations meeting of the Six-Party Talks, here is the latest information.

This morning, Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi met with heads of delegations of the six parties at Diaoyutai State Guesthouse.

As Yang Jiechi stressed, the Six-Party Talks is an important mechanism to resolve the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsular peacefully through dialogue and consultation. Thanks to concerted efforts of all parties, the process of denuclearization on the Peninsular has made substantive steps and scored unprecedented major progress. These are hard-won achievements that deserve to be cherished by all parties.

Yang Jiechi added that the current heads-of-delegations meeting is held at a critical moment when the Six-Party Talks is ushered into a new stage, and is of significance for the realization of denuclearization on the Peninsular. After days of discussion, the six parties have reached some consensus, but there remain some differences. The Six-Party Talks is the process of overcoming difficulties and moving forward. We hope all parties could maintain confidence and patience, exert wisdom,demonstrate maximum flexibility, make persistent efforts to produce positive results out of the meeting and lay a sound foundation for further progress in the Six-Party Talks. China will continue to play a positive and constructive role.

Heads of the five delegations from the DPRK, Japan, the ROK, Russia and the US stated their respective positions. They agreed that realization of denuclearization of the Peninsular is the shared goal of all parties. They treasure the process of the Six-Party Talks, and will make full use of this opportunity, exert their utmost efforts to narrow down differences and expand common ground so as to push forward the meeting, maintain and promote the momentum of the Six-Party Talks. They appreciate China’s unremitting efforts in pressing ahead with the Six-Party Talks.

Now the floor is open for your questions.

Q: How about the meeting this afternoon? Will the Six-Party Talks conclude today, or later?

A: The heads-of-delegations meeting of the Six-Party Talks is still underway in various forms, including bilateral meetings as well as plenary sessions. According to usual practice, it requires consultation among all parties concerned to decide in what form to carry on the meeting. At present, the meeting is still going on, and it depends on all parties to decide when to conclude. China will work hard with the other five parties to jointly promote the Six-Party Talks, exert utmost efforts to narrow down differences and expand common ground so as to achieve positive results.

Q: Yesterday, the Free Tibet Campaign issued a report, saying that torture prevails in Tibet because the local government deliberately ignores the law that prevents torture. Do you have any comment?

A: We have taken note of relevant report. We believe torture is an infringement on human rights. To prevent and punish torture is the common responsibility of all countries in the world. The Chinese Government resolutely opposes torture, and Chinese law prohibits torture. I wonder whether the organization you mentioned has any evidence to prove there is torture in Tibet. If there are specific evidences, we are ready to carry out investigation. But we don’t accept groundless accusation.

Q: China-Japan-ROK summit meeting will be held in Japan the day after tomorrow, what are China’s expectations? China and ROK are having their first strategic dialogue today. What has been discussed? What is the impact on the China-Japan-ROK leaders’ meeting?

A: On your first question,China, Japan and ROK

are countries of major impact in East Asia. The cooperation of the three countries in the fields of economy, trade, investment, finance, culture and personnel exchanges is of great significance in maintaining regional peace and stability as well as promoting economic and social development. Against the backdrop of the current global economic and financial situation, the cooperation among the three is of special significance. We believe it is the right time to hold this important meeting. We hope that the three countries can work together to handle the financial crisis. Leaders of the three countries will also exchange views of regional and international issues in the meeting, which we believe will vigorously promote the tripartite cooperation and the development of relations among the three parties. You are right in saying that the first high-level strategic dialogue between the two Foreign Ministries of China and the ROK was launched today. Vice Foreign Minister Wang Guangya and his ROK counterpart, Mr. KWON Jong Rak, First Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, preside over the dialogue. Since it is still under way, I do not have the details yet. Better bilateral exchanges, dialogue and cooperation between either two parties of the three will positively promote their trilateral cooperation. We believe that the three parties can work together and strengthen their cooperation so as to continuously intensify East Asia cooperation, and promote regional peace, stability and development in Northeast and East Asia.


Q: Reports said today that French Embassy's website was hacked, possibly triggered by the dissatisfaction of Chinese people with the French President’s meeting with the Dalai Lama, Could you comment?

A: We have taken note of relevant reports,

which currently are just speculations. The Chinese Government is opposed to cyber hacking. At the same time, we hope that the countries concerned, including the media covering these issues, do not make unfounded accusation against China before truth is revealed.
Q: French President said recently that his meeting with Dalai was not against China and he didn’t want to harm China-France and China-EU relations. How do you comment on that?

A: I don’t think this excuse can resolve the current difficulties in China-France relations. The French leader insisted on meeting with Dalai, which has interfered in China’s internal affairs and undermined China’s core interest. The French side should fully recognize the severity of the current situation,take seriously China's concerns and adopt concrete measures so as to create conditions for the healthy development of China-France relations.

Q: Polish President met with Dalai yesterday. What’s China’s reaction?

A: We have already made solemn representations with the Polish side, expressing China’s strong dissatisfaction. We urge the Polish side refrain from doing anything detrimental to China’s core interest or setting up obstacles to the development of China-Poland relations.

If there are no other questions, thank you for coming!
2#
 楼主| 发表于 2009-8-30 18:19:40 | 只看该作者
Foreign Relations, 1969-1976, Volume E-13, Documents on China, 1969-1972
中美会谈时的口译

Released by the Office of the Historian
39. Memorandum of Conversation, Beijing, October 21, 1971, 10:20 a.m.-12:15 p.m.


   

MEMORANDUM OF CONVERSATION
PARTICIPANTS:

Mr. Hsiung Hsiang-hui, Secretary to the Prime Minister
Mr. Chen_________, Deputy Division Chief from the Western European and American Department
Madame__________, Interpreter
Madame Ma, Notetaker
Mr. Alfred LeS. Jenkins, Department of State
Mr. John H. Holdridge, Senior NSC Staff Member
DATE, TIME, PLACE:
Thursday, October 21, 1971, 10:20 a.m.- 12:15 p.m., Hupei Hall, Great Hall of the People, Peking
Jenkins: I think if it's agreeable to you that we might first take up a subject which Mr. Holdridge of the White House staff would like to discuss concerning the manner of continued communication and relations of that sort.
Hsiung: According to the procedure agreed upon by Prime Minister Chou and Dr. Kissinger yesterday, this morning we are going to exchange views within this group. I suppose that we don't know everyone present here. So I first will introduce those present here from the Chinese side: Chen____________ he is Deputy Division Chief from the Western European and American Department; Madame ____________ [interpreter; she said "I am a staff member from the Foreign Ministry"]; Madame Ma [notetaker] is also a staff member from the Foreign Ministry. If Mr. Jenkins please would you introduce people from your side present at this talk.
Jenkins: I would be glad to have that opportunity. Mr. Holdridge here is a senior member of the National Security Council staff at the White House and has long worked with Dr. Kissinger. He is a foreign service officer on loan to the White House and we are hoping some day to get him back. And here we have Miss Pineau who is one of Dr. Kissinger's secretaries at the White House, and has worked with him for some time, and whose father I have known for some time. And I have very much enjoyed getting to know her on this trip.
Hsiung: According to the Chinese practice, we would like to hear our guests speak first. And I am very glad to hear that Mr. Jenkins has mentioned just now that Mr. Holdridge is going to speak first. So we hope that during our talks today the United States side will raise their questions and make known their ideas first.
Jenkins: Thank you very much. We are happy to have that opportunity and I hope that as we do so you will please feel free to break in at any time with any comments you may have, or questions either as to procedure or substance.
Hsiung: Exchange views.
Jenkins: Yes.
Holdridge: I would like to bring up if I could the question of continuing contacts between our two countries of what we might call a semi-official nature. Prior to the time of full normalization of relations between our two countries, we of course believe it would be very useful to have contacts, so we can exchange ideas of mutual interest. I think you will recall that Dr. Kissinger and Prime Minister Chou discussed this last summer. Prime Minister Chou very kindly suggested that a trusted representative of the President or Dr. Kissinger might again come to Peking and remain here for several weeks, or go to other parts of China, and as the Prime Minister suggested, investigate and report back. We, of course, very much appreciate this offer of Prime Minister Chou. In addition, you will recall that there was a special contact which was worked out between Prime Minister Chou and Dr. Kissinger, and we are very grateful for the fact that this has been established and is working very well. However, it does occur to us that as our relationship grows and as our contact increases, and as the preparations for the President's visit next year are worked out, it might be very useful to have communications other than those just discussed. There may be many things of an administrative nature which we would like to take care of and which we would not like to burden our more high-level contacts with. So I would simply like to raise a number of possibilities, and would like to stress that these are simply possibilities which I would like to offer for your consideration. We have noticed, for example, that the People's Republic of China and the Government of Japan maintain liaison offices. We know this is in the context of trade, but would like to raise the possibility -- on a reciprocal or on a unilateral basis -- of establishing an office having diplomatic status, but not full diplomatic status, with the ability to communicate, use the diplomatic pouch, and use crypto systems.
Hsiung's Interpreter: [indicated confusion]
Holdridge: Cryptographic systems.
Hsiung: There is one point not quite true to the fact mentioned by Mr. Holdridge just now. There isn't any such contacts between the Chinese and Japanese governments and there isn't any liaison office.
Holdridge: I though that was in connection with trade.
Hsiung: What liaison office you mentioned is between the peoples, an unofficial trade office. We can explain this later. Not between the governments.
Holdridge: I don't want to belabor the point. Let me move on to another possibility.
Hsiung: You say you don't believe in this point?
Holdridge: No, I said I don't want to belabor this point.
Hsiung: I am not going to make any comments on suggestions you mention now. I have just clarified a point.
Holdridge: I appreciate that, and think it is probably more practical not to go into details. I just wanted to review some of the suggestions we had in mind.
Jenkins: May I make one brief comment on this before we leave it. As I understand, we don't have anything very definite in mind, but while we are not necessarily picturing anything of a materially different nature organizationally from the Japanese "Trade Office," I believe to call it a trade office is not what we had in mind. "Trade Office" is more a special indicator than the precise format we had in mind. Isn't that right?
Holdridge: Yes.
Hsiung: Excuse me; I must make a break here. [Photographers enter.] The photographers are very aggressive. He wants to take a photo of me. Might we let him in?
Jenkins: Some time we might have a friendly competition as to which are more aggressive, American or Chinese photographers.
Hsiung: Do you have also this custom?
Jenkins: With a vengeance.
Hsiung: [Indicated he didn't understand.]
Holdridge: [Explained with Chinese expression chueh tui, meaning emphatically.]
Laughter
Hsiung: But they didn't know it in advance, so after they have learned if they want to put in.
Jenkins: This often happens in our circumstances too.
Hsiung: So we have to agree to it.
Jenkins: This I understand fully.
Hsiung: And, of course, as Dr. Kissinger also mentioned yesterday, some of the pictures can also be given to you.
Jenkins: That would be very gracious.
Hsiung: And he also mentioned the film material made last time can be given to you before you leave. If there is an opportunity we can show it to you first.
Jenkins: Very nice.
Hsiung: Very short one. Although it is short, but I believe you would like to get it.
Jenkins: We would prize it very much.
Hsiung: Because Dr. Kissinger mentioned it twice yesterday. Perhaps it is not well taken.
Jenkins: I am sure it is very good.
Hsiung: They [the photographers] want to continue. I am sure it won't be good by 70 percent.
Jenkins: I think they always take a great deal more footage than they end up using. At least that's the way our people do it.
Hsiung: I would like to add a few words on the suggestions which Mr. Holdridge mentioned just now, first suggestion. I am not going to give a reply on the suggestion itself which has been put forward, by Mr. Holdridge just now. I am just going to clarify a fact. That is, there isn't such a liaison office between the Chinese and Japanese governments. As to what is going to be done between the Chinese and United States governments, we can give further considerations; we can exchange views. I am not going to comment on your suggestion itself. Perhaps you understand it.
Holdridge: Let me proceed and offer another possibility if I may. I am sure Mr. Hsiung is aware in the Middle East, for example, of American interest sections inside friendly embassies, such as in the UAR, Algeria, and so on. [to Jenkins]: Isn't it at the Spanish Embassy . . .
Jenkins: Yes.
Holdridge: At the Spanish Embassy in Cairo as an example, and of course the countries such as the UAR can also be in the United States in Washington, D.C. in the same fashion.
Hsiung: They haven't restored the United States embassy in Cairo?
Holdridge: No, our representative is simply an American interest representative. He has the personal rank of Minister and is accorded diplomatic status, but we do not have formal representation in Cairo.
Jenkins: Actually, he operates from our regular embassy quarters there. He is not housed in the Spanish Embassy, but he is technically a section of the Spanish Embassy. But that's a matter of mutual convenience, and need not be a pattern for other cases. These patterns vary considerably.
Holdridge: So this is another possibility which we offer for the consideration of the People's Republic. We assume we would have to find a friendly embassy. Of course, we would also offer this on a reciprocal basis if that would be the preference of the People's Republic of China.
One third possibility comes to mind, and that is simple reverting to what Prime Minister Chou said, a senior representative of the President or Dr. Kissinger coming to Peking again. It might be helpful for a small group, perhaps from the American Consulate General in Hong Kong, to come in advance of the representatives's trip, be here before his arrival, during his stay here, and remain after. It would be helpful in administrative matters. Of course the people I am talking about need not come from Hong Kong; they can come from any other convenient place, or from Washington for that matter.
Now these are three possibilities which occur to us, and they certainly do not in any way supplant the suggestion which Prime Minister Chou raised with Dr. Kissinger last summer, which we are very grateful for. And we welcome any suggestions from the People's Republic of China or any suggestions that you might care to make.
Hsiung: This is one point, one question. Any other questions? Shall we link them together? Shall we hear your questions, all the points first?
Jenkins: Related to this subject or to our next subject?
Hsiung: If there is any addition to these points, we would like to hear about it.
Holdridge: That is all I have to talk about at this point concerning continuing contacts. What Mr. Jenkins has to discuss is rather unrelated.
Hsiung: Then Mr. Jenkins, please speak.
Jenkins: Yes. I think as our affairs progress in these prior visits -- what your Prime Minister referred to last night as this interim visit to the President's visit -- that we are hoping we can approach these matters between us sort of organismically, as a whole. I myself am particularly cognizant of this turning point, this really quite historical occasion. I was impressed, and I must say moved, yesterday and particularly last evening. I have presumed to inject a slight personal note into this because I have been associated with the lengthy Warsaw Talks pretty much since their inception, their beginning in 1955, and their preliminaries in 1954, and during that period it seem that we were, as someone put it, like ships passing in the night.
Hsiung: During the Warsaw Talks you frequently attended?
Jenkins: Yes, I was advisor to the Talks during the time that I was Deputy Chief of Mission at our American Embassy in Stockholm. I went to the talks 17 times then.
Hsiung: You are a very frequent traveler. But as it was mentioned in our Prime Minister's speech, although we carried on our talks 16 years, nothing has come out of it.
Jenkins: That's true. We were like ships passing in the night. But I maintained a bit of hope then, because the tradition of humor between the Chinese and American people, which I think is similar, would come out even during these trying times. Even when no substantive agreements could be reached, we would day "Ah, we have agreed on one point, the date of the next meeting."
Hsiung: This I think is not a question of a sense of humor. It's a very serious question. And just now, Mr. Jenkins said you greet this as a turning point. How did you think prior to this turning point? How did you think of Sino-U.S. relations?
Jenkins: I think it was painful to both sides because we were cognizant of some misunderstandings and misconceptions perhaps, but primarily because of different circumstances in East Asia and in the world it may have been difficult for us to be other than ships passing in the night. Whereas now, fortunately, we are not like ships passing in the night, but people meeting in broad daylight and have had the openness and frankness which has been so abundantly demonstrated by your Prime Minister and Dr. Kissinger, and our President, and we find it a very refreshing thing that we seem to be meeting in daylight now.
Hsiung: If we take this ship as an analogy, then whether it sails at night or in the daylight, you will need a direction, an orientation. For without a fixed orientation then even if you sail in the daylight then you sail to the wrong course.
Jenkins: Mr. Hsiung is exactly right in that point, and I think this is an appropriate introduction to what I hope to take up now.
Hsiung: That's why I am not going to make any comments on Sino-U. S. talks which have lasted 16 years.
Holdridge: Pai tse-ti (without results).
Jenkins: Exactly. I think we have fully recognized that the People's Republic considers some of these questions which you have called 'subsidiary' as precisely that, and I want to emphasize we do not intend to use these issues as any sort of diversion from what we both consider to be the fundamental issues. I believe that our principals are facing some of the fundamental issues, and expect us concurrently to look at some of the things which will help make movement possible on these fundamental questions -- which can help us, I know, and possibly you in the People's Republic, to convince those who would detract from our present course that acceptable movement is possible and can be mutually profitable.
Hsiung: What do you mean by condemning those who want to divert the attention of these questions?
Jenkins: You say condemning? I mean detracting. Last night Dr. Kissinger mentioned quite frankly that there are elements in our society which have questions, or more than questions, about the direction in which our present efforts are going. It isn't easy to cope with that. We believe that it can be done, but we believe that some agreement in these subsidiary issues to the fundamental issues, which are also to be faced, show we attach no conditions to progress in relations.
Holdridge: There have been some leading people in the United States who have criticized the turn of events, say this will harm U.S. relations with other countries, and these voices are quite powerful still. I am sure Mr. Hsiung is aware of some of the people who have spoken out. They are quite influential indeed.
Jenkins: And therefore if we can point to some particular movement on these substantive issues, for us at least it will be something of an insurance policy that can be applied to movement in some of the more fundamental questions. I have here quite a number of purely suggestive proposals, some of which may appeal to the People's Republic and we will offer them as possibilities for your consideration. They are not exclusive. We would certainly welcome any suggestions and observations from you and I would like to review a few of them orally, and then perhaps offer you some written material which you may like to study and refer to later. Due to the multi-faceted. . .
Hsiung's Interpreter: [indicated confusion]
Jenkins: multi-faceted
Interpreter: [indicated she understood] Perhaps it is your Georgia accent.
Jenkins: I have met that hazard before.
It is frankly difficult for us to picture just the best mechanics for approaching such matters as precise contacts in scientific, cultural, and sports areas. For us it would unquestionably be easier, simpler, and perhaps more reliable and managable if there were some type of government-to-government arrangement concerning them. However, if the People's Republic prefers to handle such matters on a non-governmental basis, through private organizations, people's organizations, that would be thoroughly acceptable to us. If there were to be a government-to-government agreement, I am sure that we could work together on the format for such. If, however, it is to be carried on through peoples' organizations on a private basis, we might simply prefer, both of us, to carry a reference to that effect in a joint communique. Unless there is some comment on this that you would care to make at this point, I could proceed to just mention briefly several illustrative possibilities along this line, and as I earlier said, I could give you some written possibilities which you might want to study in further detail and comment upon.
Hsiung: Yes, please proceed.
Jenkins: As an example, we have heard, particularly in recent times in the United States, of some rather remarkable techniques that you have derived in China concerning the treatment of severe burn victims and also for retaining severed limbs. There may also be areas of surgical practice in the United States which would interest Chinese specialists. If you should find any interest in this area, we are prepared to arrange invitations for Chinese visitors to leading hospitals and specialty surgical clinics in the United States. As I have said, we believe that we could learn from you in this area to the benefit of our people in these humanitarian endeavors, in the saving of life; and if this were to be done on a governmental level we would suggest that our National Institutes of Health would be willing to cooperate in this field. If it is done on a private basis perhaps the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, which is not a governmental organization, might be of help.
Hsiung: National Institutes of Health. Is it one of the more than 60 administrations of the government? Is that right?
Jenkins: That's correct.
Holdridge: Part of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
Hsiung: [Does it have more than 60 subsidiary bodies?]
Holdridge: I believe so. You probably have more information on that than I do.
Hsiung: The Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences?
Jenkins: As a second, again purely illustrative idea which occurs to us, we have noted that your Premier has personally mentioned the Chinese concern for protection of the environment and the natural ecology of the planet. This is a very topical question today. I think particularly the youth of the world are very vocal on this subject, although all of us are having to take it with increasing seriousness. The United States is very cognizant of the fact that the highly industrialized countries have a particular responsibility in trying to do whatever they can to reduce pollution and unfavorable effects on the environment, because our planet has in a sense shrunken, so that in effect what any of us does affects the others.
Hsiung: I remember in one of his speeches, President Nixon made special emphasis on the question of pollution.
Jenkins: Yes, so on this subject, both of our leaderships in the two countries are openly expressing concern. Prime Minister Chou En-lai has spoken of this.
Hsiung: [laugh] The situation of pollution in Japan is no better than in the United States.
Holdridge: Worse.
Hsiung: Perhaps it is more serious.
Jenkins: It is much worse.
Hsiung: Many friends, the people of Japan, in Japan you can hardly find any fish in the lake now. And the Danube in Europe you can hardly find any fish now.
Jenkins: That's right.
Hsiung: It has also much to do with the social system.
Holdridge: Partly. It has also to do with size of the society, number of people, and degree of industry in certain areas.
Hsiung: I mean the social system. But we won't debate on this subject.
Jenkins: Even though we agree not to debate that question, I can say that we have witnessed that the Chinese have set a remarkable example for other nations in the recovery and recycling of a wide variety of waste materials, that is both industrial and, shall we say, societal wastes.
Hsiung: Yes, we make full use of the three kinds of waste materials, waste gas, waste water, and waste materials.
Jenkins: We have seen articles on this and have been very much impressed by them. Air pollution, water pollution, waste recovery and recycling and, just as importantly, sanitary engineering are areas of much interest to us. We believe that you can help us in these areas, and we would hope that that might also be mutual.
Hsiung: Sanitary engineering?
Jenkins: The management of societal wastes. We in recent times have had quite a rapid growth of interst in organic farming in the United States and we know that China has had long and successful experience in that type of farming.
Hsiung: Organic farming?
Jenkins: Non-chemical. If the People's Republic finds interest in this area of rapidly growing importance in the world we are prepared to provide to you summary information on the nature and the magnitude of environmental problems which we have encountered in the United States.
Hsiung: We would like to know if you know how much fertilizer, both organic and synthetic would you apply to each acre.
Holdridge: I am afraid we are not experts in that field. We would be very happy to find out for you.
Hsiung: Of course this is also secondary; I just mention it in passing.
Holdridge: A lot. We are using a great deal in places like Iowa to increase corn yield per acre of land. We have a great corn yield because of this.
Hsiung: What kind [of fertilizer]?
Holdridge: For the most part nitrogenous.
Jenkins: Chemical.
Jenkins: Yes. But one has to be very careful in using fertilizers. To increase the amount can kill crops unless some other measures are taken concommitantly.
We could, if you are interested, provide a collection of, I should think, several hundred technical reports of our office of saline water on studies related to development of water desalinization techniques. We could also furnish you, if you would like them, our latest information on air and water quality standards. [Hsiung indicates he doesn't understand.] I believe what's meant by that is safe levels of the standards of puity of air and water.
Hsiung: Purity of water?
Jenkins: Yes. Various means of helping each other in this field are possible. One thing which occurs to us is a Dr. Abel Wolman who is the Professor of Sanitary Engineering at Johns Hopkins University, would be prepared to visit China if you would like him, to learn from you and also lecture here on some of his studies, if you would wish that. That's just an illustrative suggestion, an example. One possible means of contact from our side in this whole area of interest would be our National Academy of Sciences.
Holdridge: That's non-governmental.
Hsiung: Where is the headquarters of this organization?
Jenkins: In Washington. Many of our organizations which are private but of nationwide interest have headquarters or offices in Washington.
Hsiung: Where do the (the National Academy of Sciences) get their funds?
Jenkins: I don't know. I can find out.
Hsiung: Just mention in passing. Don't bother.
Jenkins: There is another possibility which we don't need to spend much time on unless you like it, but it's a fascinating one, and that is the issue of efficient translating procedures from one language to another. We could give some suggestions on how we might be of help to each other in that area if you are interested.
Hsiung: You mean the oral or written translating?
Jenkins: I was thinking of written.
Holdridge: This means by machines, using computers.
Hsiung: The United States is a country of computers.
Holdridge: There is a project in Princeton aimed at the rapid translation from Chinese into English using this particular technique.
Hsiung: Is it effective?
Holdridge: I think so.
Jenkins: Within limits.
Hsiung: Everything has its limits. How is the accuracy?
Holdridge: Fair.
Jenkins: The whole effort is pretty much in the beginning stages but it does have sufficient promise for us to believe that to have further attention put to it would be very useful, and might be something of interest to you.
Hsiung: Have you solved the problem of translating English to French or Spanish by computers?
Jenkins: Again, not perfectly, but surprisingly well. I have read printouts of French and Russian translations into English and the sense is almost complete and rather accurate. The grammar sometimes, word order and construction, sometimes leaves a good bit to be desired. It at times sounds a bit childish, but the ideas are there.
I don't want to overdo this oral presentation, but there are two or three other things if I may continue a little longer. I don't know what you plan as to our schedule, as to whether we sould probably break and come back -- whatever your pleasure is.
Hsiung: As I mentioned at the beginning, according to our Chinese practice, we like to have our guests to speak first. If we can't finish it in the morning we can find some other time, wither in the afternoon or some other time to continue it.
[BREAK: 11:35 - 11:45]
Jenkins: I have mentioned several areas in which China seems to form something of a vanguard . . .
Hsiung Interpreter: [indicates confusion]
Jenkins: leader. There is an area which I am sure is of considerable interest to both of our countries because of our long coastlines in which, if I am not being immodest, I think the United States has made considerable advance.
Hsiung: Your coastline is longer than ours because you have them on both sides.
Jenkins: Yes, but I think you catch more fish than we do.
Hsiung: Because of your pollution.
Jenkins: This area that I am speaking of is in marine science work. We believe that our work in that field is of high quality and certainly of very broad coverage. We are prepared to encourage the three major American west coast oceanographic institutions to host a delegation of Chinese oceanographers and marine scientists for disucssion of areas of common interest if this would appeal to you.
There are a number of other ideas in here which to me seem so attractive that I am loathe to skip over them, but in the interest of time I will perhaps go to only one more at the moment and. we can discuss other later if you wish. I mentioned earlier Prime Minister Chou's expressed interest in environmental problems. I recall also that Chairman Mao has written a poem about a particularly troublesome disease. We frankly know very little about your efforts in the field of control of schistosomiasis, but we have seen artilces which interest us, and we have done some study on the subject. One possibility for consideration would be some sort of cooperative research program in this field. We could provide samples of experimental drugs with full test data which we have obtained to date in this area of research.
Hsiung: Are there many cases of schistosomiasis in the United States?
Jenkins: No, it's almost non-existant. However, in our aid and other interests in some other countries in the world, I believe in South America and -- I am not sure of this, but perhaps in Africa -- we have been requested to give what help we can in this area, and we are interested in the problem. We have done some work in immunology and also in test procedures for identifying the presence of the disease.
I think perhaps I should stop here in reviewing specific suggestions. This will illustrate some of the suggestions we have been thinking about and perhaps I can pass to you some papers with a longer list of suggestions you may want to look over and comment on later. It seems that I have spent our time so far on scientific matters. We also have cultural, athletic, and journalistic suggestions here, and I would not slur these. I don't mean that we are emphasizing one area over another. It just happens that I got started talking about some of these rather fascinating subjects, and have not gotten to the others, but we can do so if you would wish.
Hsiung: Personally, I would like rather to listen to what you have got to say than to read them. Of course, if you would like to hand over these very thick pieces of long lists, I would also like to read it over. I would like to know if you have covered all the points you would like to raise.
Jenkins: I have not covered all the points in this paper, simply illustrative ones, and if you wish I can go on. I think these (pointing to the papers) present it quite well and it is up to you whether you would like to go over it orally now or like to look this over and return to them later. And if you have any questions or observations on your part, we would certainly like to receive them.
Hsiung: Of course, we have covered some secondary points, if we may quote what Dr. Kissinger used the term, subsidiary points. What I mean is, are there any other main points you want to make? Because this morning we have touched on questions of contacts between our two countries, and also cultural and scientific topics. Are there any other main points?
Jenkins: I believe not this morning. These were the main points on our mind. If there are any other points you would like to discuss we would be interested in knowing that, aid would perhaps return to these later. I believe that our principals plan to take up, of course, other issues when they meet.
Hsiung: Within this scope, are these the only two points which the United States side would like to put forward?
Jenkins: These are the two which Dr. Kissinger wished us to take up this morning. If there are other ideas you would like to discuss, we are prepared to discuss anything of interest to you.
Hsiung: What I mean is your side. Are there any other main points? Any points you would put forward later?
Jenkins: There are a number of things we could talk about. I don't know to what extent you wish to talk about possible increase in trade for instance. But we could possibly talk about that at a later time.
Hsiung: First of all, we would like to know the views of the United States side, see what points you would like to make.
Jenkins: As for this session, I think these are the two main points we had contemplated.
Hsiung: If so, then there are two approaches: one is we will read it over first, and then we can exchange views. Another approach is we will not read it over but we will ask you to cover all these points which are contained in these lists.
Jenkins: I am quite prepared to do whichever you wish. It is immaterial to us. I can continue talking if you wish, or it might be useful for you to get an overview and spend more time later on those topics which you wish to cover more fully.
Hsiung: Then we can consider how to carry on our talks in this session. Either we read it over first, and fix a time to make an exchange of views later, or we can meet again this afternoon and you will tell us all the points covered in this list.
Jenkins: It is perfectly agreeable to us to do it either way, however, I suggest if it's agreeable to you it might be useful for you to have this list and look it over, and we will return whenever you set a time.
Hsiung: Then our exchange of views this morning will soon finish. And of course, I believe that Mr. Holdridge and Mr. Jenkins you will know very well the whole process of Sino-American ambassadorial talks, and also the consistent stand of the Chinese side. That's why I am not going to make any comments on any of the possibilities you have raised just now. I will make more comments next time we have a session.
Jenkins: I understand. That's perfectly agreeable to us.
Hsiung: I think it would be better for me to make clear in advance that we believe you know very well the Chinese government's consistent fundamental stand. The Warsaw Talks have lasted for 16 years, and of course we can further make clear our views. Of course, if there is any other point you would like to put forward, we are ready to listen.
Jenkins: Thank you very much for your attention this morning. I think both sides have talked so often in the past that we both have understandings of each other's long held positions, but as our principals discussed, at this turning point the necessity is not only to base things on the realities of the past and present, but to learn from that in order to change the future ofor the better.
Hsiung: That's all for this morning.
Jenkins: Very well. If I may offer these three copies to you.
Hsiung: As for the program for this afternoon, our protocol office will exchange views with you and. ask your opinion about that.
Jenkins: That sounds very promising.
Hsiung: Take some visits to some places, or you may take a rest if you like.
Jenkins: Probably prudence would call for a little rest, but for my part, I have such an interest in this capital city that I would really like to see something of it.
Hsiung: In this regard, we respect your opinion.
Jenkins: That's very kind.
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